Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. How to cite this article: . There should certainly not be any absolute requirement that all rights in such discoveries be assigned to the Government, but it should be left to the discretion of the director and the interested Division whether in special cases the public interest requires such an assignment. Nature - "Science, the Endless Frontier" . Holts first-rate introduction to this new edition captures the key elements of the report, outlines its significance and fate, and considers its implications for our time. SCIENCE AND THE PUBLIC WELFARE Notwithstanding great progress in prolonging the span of life and relief of suffering, much illness remains for which adequate means of prevention and cure are not yet known. But without scientific progress no amount of achievement in other directions can insure our health, prosperity, and security as a nation in the modern world. Only in the creation of one over-all mechanism rather than several does this report depart from the specific recommendations of the committees. National Science Foundation, 2415 Eisenhower Avenue, Alexandria, Virginia 22314, USA Tel: (703) 292-5111, FIRS: (800) 877-8339 | TDD: (800) 281-8749, National Science Foundation - Where Discoveries Begin, Computer and Information Science and Engineering (CISE), Environmental Research and Education (ERE), International Science and Engineering (OISE), Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences (SBE), Technology, Innovation and Partnerships (TIP), Responsible and Ethical Conduct of Research, Proposal and Award Policies and Procedures Guide (PAPPG), Award Statistics (Budget Internet Info System), National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES), Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization (OSDBU), Proposal & Award Policies Procedures Guide (PAPPG). It is wholly probable that progress in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, renal disease, cancer, and similar refractory diseases will be made as the result of fundamental discoveries in subjects unrelated to those diseases, and perhaps entirely unexpected by the investigator. doi: 10.17226/25990. Membership of the Division of National Defense should include, in addition to, say, five civilian members, one representative designated by the Secretary of War, and one representative of the Secretary of the Navy, who should serve without additional compensation for this duty. We have given much thought to the question of how plans for the use of Federal funds may be arranged so that such funds will not drive out of the picture funds from local governments, foundations, and private donors. The 1945 document, officially attributed to engineer Vannevar (rhymes with Beaver) Bush, urged President Harry Truman to convert the momentum of the World War II-era Office of Scientific Research and . This fact underlines the necessity of salvaging potential scientists in uniform. CHAPTER 2. The Federal Government should accept new responsibilities for promoting the creation of new scientific knowledge and the development of scientific talent in our youth. V. Patent Policy. This is particularly so since the measure of a successful research contract lies not in the dollar cost but in the qualitative and quantitative contribution which is made to our knowledge. One of our hopes is that after the war there will be full employment, and that the production of goods and services will serve to raise our standard of living. Science, the endless frontier : a report to the President, Vannevar Bush Creator Bush, Vannevar, 1890-1974 Summary This influential report described science as "a largely unexplored hinterland" that would provide the "essential key" to the economic prosperity of the post World War II years Language eng Work Publication This general knowledge provides the means of answering a large number of important practical problems, though it may not give a complete specific answer to any one of them. Metrics details. Such impetus can come promptly only from the Government. The following very rough estimates are given for the first year of operation after the Foundation is organized and operating, and for the fifth year of operation when it is expected that the operations would have reached a fairly stable level: The National Research Foundation herein proposed meets the urgent need of the days ahead. It is estimated that an adequate program for Federal support of basic research in the colleges, universities, and research institutes and for financing important applied research in the public interest, will cost about 10 million dollars at the outset and may rise to about 50 million dollars annually when fully underway at the end of perhaps 5 years. We cannot again rely on our allies to hold off the enemy while we struggle to catch up. "Audra Wolfe, Never Just Science, "I just read the new Princeton University Press edition of Vannevar Bushs Science, The Endless Frontier, with an interesting introductory essay by Rush Holt. History. In this book he calls for science for citizens, not just science for scientists. The striking advances in medicine during the war have been possible only because we had a large backlog of scientific data accumulated through basic research in many scientific fields in the years before the war. We submit, however, that the nation's need for more and better scientific research is such that the risk must be accepted. In addition a flow of scientific information constitutes one facet of general international accord which should be cultivated. Some research on military problems should be conducted, in time of peace as well as in war, by civilians independently of the military establishment. The possibility of an endless frontier is a consequence of an idea known as emergence. Much of the information and experience acquired during the war is confined to the agencies that gathered it. Both the Bush and the Holt essays are well worth a read. The answer is clear. Those ready for college training in the sciences have not been permitted to enter upon that training. In normal times, in view of the restrictive statutory prohibitions against dual interests on the part of Government officials, it would be virtually impossible to persuade persons having private employment of any kind to serve the Government in an official capacity. Princeton, New Jersey 08540 II. The study of the momentous questions presented in President Roosevelt's letter has been made by able committees working diligently. Again it was painstaking scientific research over many years that made radar possible. To adopt, promulgate, amend, and rescind rules and regulations to carry out the provisions of the legislation and the policies and practices of the Foundation. The amount which can be effectively spent in the first year should not exceed 5 million dollars. First issued when Vannevar Bush was the director of the US Office of Scientific Research and Development during the Second World War, this classic remains vital in making the case that scientific progress is necessary to a nations health, security, and prosperity. The event was held in partnership with The Kavli Foundation and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation to mark the 75th anniversary of the publication of Vannevar Bush's seminal report Science, the Endless Frontier, which created . The Resource Science, the endless frontier : A report to the President, by Vannevar Bush, director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development. IV. It should be competent to advise the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy. In the event that if you are a researcher, educator and understudy occupied with science history, or anybody keen on figuring out how science has been upheld by government authority, you'll value The National Science Foundation's Science: The Endless Frontier" as a helpful chronicled asset for the present academic local area. This is, largely, the product of three factors -- the free play of initiative of a vigorous people under democracy, the heritage of great national wealth, and the advance of science and its application. If those who have the means coincided entirely with those persons who have the talent we should not be squandering a part of our higher education on those undeserving of it, nor neglecting great talent among those who fail to attend college for economic reasons. Even if it be shown subsequently that he has not what it takes to go to the top, he will go further than he would otherwise go if there had been a ceiling beyond which he always knew he could not aspire. The growth of research departments in medical schools ahs been very uneven, however, and in consequence most of the important work has been done in a few large schools. In the past we have devoted much of our best efforts to the application of such knowledge which has been discovered abroad. The agency responsible for recommending the release of information from military classification should be an Army, Navy, civilian body, well grounded in science and technology. I. To encourage and enable a larger number of young men and women of ability to take up science as a career, and in order gradually to reduce the deficit of trained scientific personnel, it is recommended that provision be made for a reasonable number of (a) undergraduate scholarships and graduate fellowships and (b) fellowships for advanced training and fundamental research. They will be of aid in furnishing detailed suggestions. Higher education in this country is largely for those who have the means. After a program is under way perhaps 20 million dollars a year can be spent effectively. By. The extent and nature of these new responsibilities are set forth in detail in the reports of the committees whose recommendations in this regard are fully endorsed. In the future we must pay increased attention to discovering this knowledge for ourselves particularly since the scientific applications of the future will be more than ever dependent upon such basic knowledge. Whereas in 1930 they were six times as large as the research expenditures of the colleges, universities, and research institutes, by 1940 they were nearly ten times as large. Vannevar Bush distills in graceful prose his deep experience of directing research during World War II and Rush Holts new introduction points to how science is essential for all citizens and a vibrant democracy. Improvement in the teaching of science is imperative; for students of latent scientific ability are particularly vulnerable to high school teaching which fails to awaken interest or to provide adequate instruction. Freedom of inquiry must be preserved under any plan for Government support of science in accordance with the Five Fundamentals listed on page 26. The very successful pattern of organization of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, which has promoted basic research on problems of flight during the past thirty years, has been carefully considered in proposing the method of appointment of Members of the Foundation and in defining their responsibilities. Scientific progress on a broad front results from the free play of free intellects, working on subjects of their own choice, in the manner dictated by their curiosity for exploration of the unknown. This should be corrected by building up the weaker institutions, especially in regions which now have no strong medical research activities. There are some notable exceptions, it is true, but even in such cases it is rarely possible to match the universities in respect to the freedom which is so important to scientific discovery. The Divisions should be responsible to the Members of the Foundation for -. The American research enterprise is the engine of ingenuity in our nation and is urgently needed to tackle the most pressing priorities of our timefrom the coronavirus pandemic to the climate crisis, and from income disparity to gun violence. To promote disruptive science and technology, scholars may be encouraged to read widely and given time to keep up with the rapidly expanding knowledge frontier. - It should be the function of this Division to support and to supervise the grant of scholarships and fellowships in science. It is the primary responsibility of the Army and Navy to train the men, make available the weapons, and employ the strategy that will bring victory in combat. It provides scientific capital. The reduction in death rate from diseases of childhood has shifted the emphasis to the middle and old age groups, particularly to the malignant diseases and the degenerative processes prominent in later life. These responsibilities are the proper concern of the government, for they vitally affect health . It's one thing to have equations describing the way a single molecule of water behaves. The public interest will normally be adequately protected if the Government receives a royalty-free license for governmental purposes under any patents resulting from work financed by the Foundation. Science, the Endless Frontier Hardcover - February 2, 2021 by Vannevar Bush (Author), Rush Holt (Contributor) 20 ratings 3.9 on Goodreads 51 ratings Kindle $9.99 Read with Our Free App Hardcover $12.95 8 Used from $6.78 26 New from $7.98 Paperback $25.00 4 Used from $15.96 10 New from $25.00 Now elevated and updated by the brilliant writing of former congressman Rush Holt, an unmatched champion for the advancement of science, this book is a forceful declaration of the value of science for our democracy and a ringing call to action for policymakers and the American people alike. Meanwhile, research costs have steadily risen. From October 6 - November 10, 2022. . The decision that there should be a new and independent agency was reached by each of the committees advising in these matters. but the present pattern is firmly established and there is much to be said for it. These issues are more urgent than ever. In the nineteenth century, Yankee mechanical ingenuity, building largely upon the basic discoveries of European scientists, could greatly advance the technical arts. Most of the information needed by industry and in education can be released without disclosing its embodiments in actual military material and devices. This is the American way: a man works for what he gets.". The publicly and privately supported colleges, universities, and research institutes are the centers of basic research. The form is important. They should receive their expenses and compensation for their services at a per diem rate of, say, $50 while engaged on business of the Foundation, but no division member should receive more than, say, $10,000 compensation per year. Members. Our population increased from 75 million to 130 million between 1900 and 1940. To formulate over-all policies of the Foundation. Recommendations regarding the allocation of research programs among research organizations. THE WAR AGAINST DISEASE Close Dialog Download book. Many had begun their studies before they went to war. It opened the seas to clipper ships and furnished land for pioneers. Download PDF Download All Download JPEG 2000 Download Text. INTRODUCTION Industry is only to a limited extent a source of funds for basic medical research. E-Book Overview. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Division of Publications and Scientific Collaboration. I dont think Id ever read the whole of the famous Bush document before, and it was interesting to see how he made the pitch . "Audra J. Wolfe, author of Freedom's Laboratory: The Cold War Struggle for the Soul Of Science, "Science, the Endless Frontier is a consequential statement of principles that has been repeatedly invoked as a kind of biblical text in the political wars over federal policy for scientific research and training. Assuming a sample surface with a sticking coefficient of unity (i.e., nearly every impinging particle sticks to the surface), a simple rule of thumb states that the surface would be covered with one monolayer of adsorbates for 1 s of exposure to a gas pressure of 10 6 mbar (Ref. The Foundation here proposed has been described only in outline. ScienceThe Endless Frontier, and the Next 75 Years in Science With Robbert Dijkgraaf 2020 marked the 75th anniversary of the publication of Vannevar Bush's seminal report "ScienceThe Endless Frontier," which created a blueprint for U.S. scientific research in the post-World War II era. Today, amid a changing funding landscape and challenges to sciences very credibility, Science, the Endless Frontier resonates as a powerful reminder that scientific progress and public well-being alike depend on the successful symbiosis between science and government.This timely new edition presents this iconic text alongside a new companion essay from scientist and former congressman Rush Holt, who offers a brief introduction and consideration of what society needs most from science now. Science, by itself, provides no panacea for individual, social, and economic ills. It is important that the patent system continue to serve the country in the manner intended by the Constitution, for it has been a vital element in the industrial vigor which has distinguished this nation. The division Members should be appointed for such terms as the Members of the Foundation may determine, and may be reappointed at the discretion of the Members. Background Citations. As long as they are vigorous and healthy and their scientists are free to pursue the truth wherever it may lead, there will be a flow of new scientific knowledge to those who can apply it to practical problems in Government, in industry, or elsewhere. Special Authority. The excellent reports of the committees which studied these matters are attached as appendices. Nature, 466(7309), 922-923. o Gibson . Science has been in the wings. CHAPTER 3. Publication: Science. We think it much the best plan, in this constitutional Republic, that opportunity be held out to all kinds and conditions of men whereby they can better themselves. A part of the information now classified which should be released is possessed jointly by our allies and ourselves. In making such appointments the Members should request and consider recommendations from the National Academy of Sciences which should be asked to establish a new National Research Foundation nominating committee in order to bring together the recommendations of scientists in all organizations. From early days the Government has taken an active interest in scientific matters. The usual controls of audits, reports, budgeting, and the like, should, of course, apply to the administrative and fiscal operations of the Foundation, subject, however, to such adjustments in procedure as are necessary to meet the special requirements of research. One of the peculiarities of basic science is the variety of paths which lead to productive advance. Research will always suffer when put in competition with operations. Vannevar Bushs Science, the Endless Frontier remains the touchstone for understanding how Americans regard basic research, why they pay for it, and what benefits they expect. Neither our allies nor, so far as we know, our enemies have done anything so radical as thus to suspend almost completely their educational activities in scientific pursuits during the war period. . The obligation of Government to support research on military problems is inescapable. It can be effective in the national welfare only as a member of a team, whether the conditions be peace or war. The trend is unlikely to be driven by changes in citation practices or the quality of published work. With the exception of those men engaged in war research, all physically fit students at graduate level have been taken into the armed forces. A balance between military and other research could thus readily be maintained. The "spatial turn" in literary studies is transforming the way we think of the field. It is at this crucial juncture that Rush Holt, in his powerful introduction, renews the call for robust funding of basic research with an appeal for a fully inclusive coalition of science and society to promote a better future for all. - 1. Science: The Endless Frontier, sowing seeds for the innovation and technology-driven productivity gains that propelled the United States to global economic and geopolitical leadership, generated unprecedented wealth for Americans, and drove social progress. In computer science and artificial intelligence, there has been a recent thread of work on citation recommendation, concerned with identifying relevant citations given a piece of text and possibly other meta-data (e.g., authors, etc.) Basically there is no reason to believe that scientists of other countries will not in time rediscover everything we now know which is held in secrecy. 1) The Bush report focused on basic science and university-trained scientific manpower, while ignoring or downplaying applied research and development. The deficit of those holding advanced degrees -- that is, young scholars trained to the point where they are capable of carrying on original work -- has been estimated as amounting to about 17,000 by 1955 in chemistry, engineering, geology, mathematics, physics, psychology, and the biological sciences. This is essential reading for anyone who cares about the future of science in America. It is recommended that measures which will encourage and facilitate the preparation and publication of reports be adopted forthwith by all agencies, governmental and private, possessing scientific information released from security control. Government action in respect to this subject will affect the rate of technical progress in industry. "In his companion essay to this new edition of Science, the Endless Frontierthe blueprint for American science since World War IIRush Holt argues that a more expansive philosophical vision of the value of science is needed, one that embraces the public as a more equal partner. PUB L I C. VA L U E. SCIE NCE SCIE NCE. Cite this article . Approximately 7 million persons in the United States are mentally ill; more than one-third of the hospital beds are occupied by such persons, at a cost of $175 million a year. The simplest and most effective way in which the Government can strengthen industrial research is to support basic research and to develop scientific talent. In this country the increase has been accompanied by more abundant food supply, better living, more leisure, longer life, and better health. It is essential that both kinds of research go forward and that there be the closest liaison between the two groups. Although these frontiers have more or less disappeared, the frontier of science remains. The Government can accomplish significant results in several ways: by aiding in the arrangement of international science congresses, in the official accrediting of American scientists to such gatherings, in the official reception of foreign scientists of standing in this country, in making possible a rapid flow of technical information, including translation service, and possibly in the provision of international fellowships. The act is aimed at competing with China. The responsibility for the creation of new scientific knowledge rests on that small body of men and women who understand the fundamental laws of nature and are skilled in the techniques of scientific research. Many of the leaders in the development of radar are scientists who before the war had been exploring the nucleus of the atom. These are the best estimates available. A broad dissemination of scientific information upon which further advances can readily be made furnishes a sounder foundation for our national security than a policy of restriction which would impede our own progress although imposed in the hope that possible enemies would not catch up with us. Science Education 1944 October 28:231-38 28: 282-88; December 1944. . Articles Find articles in journals, magazines, newspapers, and more; Catalog Explore books, music, movies, and more; Databases Locate databases by title and description; Journals Find journal titles; UWDC Discover digital collections, images, sound recordings, and more; Website Find information on spaces, staff, services, and more . Only through such responsibility can we maintain the proper relationship between science and other aspects of a democratic system. This has always been true and is likely to remain so. Since 1900 a large number of scientific agencies have been established within the Federal Government, until in 1939 they numbered more than 40. To get top leadership there must be a relatively large base of high ability selected for development and then successive skimmings of the cream of ability at successive times and at higher levels. Science, the Endless Frontier V. Bush Published 18 December 1999 Political Science, Economics Science, the Endless Frontier View via Publisher Save to Library Create Alert 1,023 Citations Particle physics in public: legitimising curiosity-driven research on the Higgs boson and beyond Chih-Wei Yeh Physics 2019 Highly Influenced This report presents conclusions and recommendations based upon the studies of these committees which appear in full as the appendices. Today, amid a changing funding landscape and challenges to science's very credibility, Science, the Endless Frontier resonates as a powerful reminder that scientific progress and public well-being alike depend on the successful symbiosis between science and government.This timely new edition presents this iconic text alongside a new companion essay from scientist and former congressman Rush Holt, who offers a brief introduction and consideration of what society needs most from science now. Formulation of programs and policy within the scope of the particular Divisions. It should be drafted with great care. Science, the Endless Frontier of Regulatory Capture by Andrea Saltelli, Dorothy Dankel, Monica Di Fiore, Nina Holland, Martin Pigeon :: SSRN Add Paper to My Library Science, the Endless Frontier of Regulatory Capture Saltelli, Andrea, Dorothy J. Dankel, Monica Di Fiore, Nina Holland, and Martin Pigeon. But we must proceed with caution in carrying over the methods which work in wartime to the very different conditions of peace. Apart from teaching, however, the primary obligation of the medical schools and universities is to continue the traditional function of such institutions, namely, to provide the individual worker with an opportunity for free, untrammeled study of nature, in the directions and by the methods suggested by his interests, curiosity, and imagination. Cookies on OCLC websites. Today, amid a changing funding landscape and challenges to science's very credibility, Science, the Endless Frontier resonates as a powerful reminder that scientific progress and public well-being alike depend on the successful symbiosis between science and government.This timely new edition presents this iconic text alongside a new companion essay from scientist and former congressman Rush Holt, who offers a brief introduction and consideration of what society needs most from science now. Our ability to overcome possible future enemies depends upon scientific advances which will proceed more rapidly with diffusion of knowledge than under a policy of continued restriction of knowledge now in our possession. Able committees working diligently information now classified which should be competent to advise the of... And that there be the function of this Division to support research on problems... 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